Skip to main content
Download PDF

Noninvasive right ventricular work in patients with atrial septal defects: a proof-of-concept study

Cardiovascular Ultrasound volume 21, Article number: 10 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Noninvasive right ventricular (RV) myocardial work (RVMW) determined by echocardiography is a novel indicator used to estimate RV systolic function. To date, the feasibility of using RVMW has not been verified in assessing RV function in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD).

Methods

Noninvasive RVMW was analysed in 29 ASD patients (median age, 49 years; 21% male) and 29 age- and sex-matched individuals without cardiovascular disease. The ASD patients underwent echocardiography and right heart catheterization (RHC) within 24 h.

Results

The RV global work index (RVGWI), RV global constructive work (RVGCW), and RV global wasted work (RVGWW) were significantly higher in the ASD patients than in the controls, while there was no significant difference in RV global work efficiency (RVGWE). RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS), RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW demonstrated significant correlations with RHC-derived stroke volume (SV) and SV index. The RVGWI (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.895), RVGCW (AUC = 0.922), and RVGWW (AUC = 0.870) could be considered good predictors of ASD and were superior to RV GLS (AUC = 0.656).

Conclusion

The RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW could be used to assess RV systolic function and are correlated with RHC-derived SV and SV index in patients with ASD.

Graphical Abstract

Peer Review reports

Background

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common form of congenital heart disease with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1000 live births [1, 2]. The rate of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction increases in patients with untreated ASD.

Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the evaluation of RV function [3]. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV fractional area change (RV FAC), tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (RV Sʹ), and three-dimensional RV ejection fraction (3D RV EF) are the commonly used parameters for assessing RV systolic function [3, 4]. However, these parameters are load dependent. As a reliable and superior indicator, RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS) remains a load-related parameter because of the low ventricular elastance and the thin wall of the right ventricle [5, 6].

Recently, noninvasive RV myocardial work (RVMW) by echocardiography was demonstrated as a novel and reliable indicator to assess RV systolic performance [7, 8]. RVMW integrates RV GLS, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac cycle events, which provide more precise information than conventional RV systolic function parameters.

To date, noninvasive RVMW has not been applied to assess RV systolic function in patients with ASD. Therefore, the present study was designed to achieve the following objectives: (i) compare the RVMW between ASD patients and healthy controls; (ii) explore the correlations between the noninvasive RVMW and RV stroke volume (SV) and SV index measured by right heart catheterization (RHC) in ASD patients; and (iii) explore the possibility of using RVMW indices to evaluate myocardial performance among patients with ASD.

Methods

Study cohort

A total of 57 ASD patients (> 17 years of age) were prospectively recruited in Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital between May and August of 2022. The study flow chart is shown in Fig. 1. The exclusion criteria were as follows: RHC not performed within 24 h after echocardiogram, coronary heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias during the echocardiogram, other congenital cardiac diseases, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or heart failure, severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) [9], TR Doppler envelope of poor quality, poor echocardiography images, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure > 15 mmHg [10]. After exclusion, 29 patients were finally included. An additional 29 age- and sex-matched subjects without cardiovascular diseases were enrolled as the control group. The Ethics Committee approved the study, and informed consent forms were obtained.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Study flow. ASD, atrial septal defect; RHC, right heart catheterization; RVMW, right ventricular myocardial work

Full size image

Echocardiographic acquisition

Transthoracic echocardiographic images were obtained by a Vivid E95 ultrasound system (GE Vingmed Ultrasound) according to the recommended protocols [11, 12]. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic images were obtained by M5S and 4 V transducers, respectively. All echocardiographic images were stored over 3–4 consecutive cardiac cycles with the electrocardiogram connected. Datasets were analysed offline using EchoPAC (version 204).

Echocardiographic measurements

The LV ejection fraction, TAPSE, RV FAC, RV Sʹ, RV basal diameter, and tricuspid annular diameter were measured in line with the current guidelines [3, 4, 13]. The 3D RV volume and RA volume were obtained by the software packages 4D Auto RVQ and 4D Auto LAQ, respectively. RV GLS and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RV FWLS) were assessed by tracing the endocardial border of the interventricular septum and the RV free wall (Fig. 2A) [12].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Process for calculating right ventricular myocardial work. A Evaluating the right ventricular longitudinal strain. B Tracking the TR velocity-time integral to assess the mean gradient pressure between the right ventricle and atrium. C Identifying the event timing of the tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve. D Obtaining right ventricular myocardial work by the right ventricular pressure-strain loop

Full size image

Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was estimated as follows: SPAP = 4 × (TR peak velocity)2 + RA pressure (estimated by the inferior vena cava) [3, 14]. The mean RV-RA gradient pressure was obtained by tracking the TR velocity-time integral (Fig. 2B) [15]. Mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) equals the RA pressure plus the mean RV-RA gradient pressure. Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (DPAP) was computed as follows: DPAP = 1.5 × MPAP − 0.5 × SPAP [3]. RVMW was analysed using the LV myocardial work (LVMW) assessment software package (AFI). Prognostic validation of LVMW was performed in several studies [16,17,18]. The event timings of tricuspid and pulmonic valves were obtained from visualization in the short-axis parasternal views (Fig. 2C). Then, RV GLS, SPAP, and DPAP were synchronized by valve event timings to create a noninvasive RV pressure–strain loop (RV PSL) (Fig. 2A-D). RVMW was calculated by integrating the product of the instantaneous RV pressure over time and the rate of segmental shortening to obtain myocardial work as a function of time during the cardiac cycle.

Four RVMW indices were obtained as follows:

  1. (i)

    RV global work index (RVGWI): total work, the area of RV PSL from tricuspid valve closure to opening.

  2. (ii)

    RV global constructive work (RVGCW): positive work, myocardial lengthening during isovolumic relaxation and shortening during systole.

  3. (iii)

    RV global wasted work (RVGWW): negative work, myocardial shortening during isovolumic relaxation and lengthening during systole.

  4. (iv)

    RV global work efficiency (RVGWE): the ratio of RVGCW to the sum of RVGCW and RVGWW.

RHC

RHC was performed by experienced interventional cardiologists. A 6 F Swan Ganz catheter was inserted through the femoral or internal jugular vein under fluoroscopic guidance. RV systolic and diastolic pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were acquired at end-expiration. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow and LV and RV cardiac output were obtained by the Fick formula. RV SV was calculated as RV cardiac output divided by heart rate. The RV SV index and LV and RV cardiac indices were calculated as RV SV and LV and RV cardiac output divided by body surface area, respectively.

Statistics

Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (percentage). The normality of continuous variables was verified by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Based on the normality of the data, continuous variables were expressed as the mean (SD) or median (interquartile range), appropriately. Differences between the ASD and control groups were compared by the χ2 test, Student’s t test, and Mann‒Whitney U test as appropriate. Relationships between parameters of RV systolic function and invasively derived SV and SV index were investigated by Pearson or Spearman correlation as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analysed to determine optimal cutoff values to predict ASD and to calculate the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. Fifteen random subjects with ASD were selected for the calculation of intra-observer and inter-observer variabilities by Bland–Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients. All data were processed using SPSS (version 26.0). A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.

Results

Participant characteristics

Fifty-seven patients with ASD were enrolled in this study (Fig. 1). Forty-seven patients underwent RHC for clinical indications. Twenty-nine patients were included in the final analysis, and the rest of the patients were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. An additional 29 subjects without cardiovascular and pulmonary disease were set as the control group. The clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of ASD patients and normal controls
Full size table

Echocardiographic data

All enrolled patients had left-to-right colour Doppler shunts, and the median ASD size was 11.0 (8.0-18.5) mm. Table 2 summarizes the echocardiographic parameters of patients with ASD and controls. TAPSE, RV Sʹ, 3D RV end-diastolic volume, 3D RV end-systolic volume, 3D RV SV, RV basal diameter, tricuspid annular diameter, 3D RA volume, pulmonary artery pressure, and RV GLS were higher in the ASD group. LVEF, RV FAC, 3D RV EF, and RV FWLS were not significantly different between the two groups. Patients with ASD had a higher RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW than the controls (RVGWI: 571.7 ± 203.2 mmHg% vs. 311.2 ± 98.7 mmHg%, P < 0.001; RVGCW: 690.8 ± 254.8 mmHg% vs. 361.5 ± 101.3 mmHg%, P < 0.001; RVGWW: 56.0 [37.5–75.0] mmHg% vs. 22.0 [9.0-37.5] mmHg%, P < 0.001), while RVGWE showed no significant difference between ASD patients and controls.

Table 2 Comparison of echocardiographic parameters between ASD patients and normal controls
Full size table

RHC characteristics

RHC data of patients with ASD are summarized in Table 3. RV SV (114.7 ± 37.9 mL), RV SV index (71.2 ± 24.0 mL/m2), RV cardiac output (8.9 ± 3.7 L/min), RV cardiac index (5.5 ± 2.4 L/min/m2) were increased in patients with ASD. SPAP calculated by RHC showed no significant difference from SPAP estimated by echocardiography (38.0 [29.0-48.5] mmHg vs. 35.4 [29.1–48.4] mmHg, P = 0.320). The mean Qp/Qs ratio was 1.9 ± 0.8 in the patients with ASD.

Table 3 RHC characteristics of ASD patients
Full size table

Relationship between parameters of RV systolic function and RHC parameters

The correlations between RHC-derived SV and SV index and the echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function were calculated in the ASD group (Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 1). Except for RV GLS, which was significantly correlated with RV SV and RV SV index (r = -0.478, P = 0.009 and r = -0.488, P = 0.007, respectively), none of the standard echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function were significantly correlated with RV SV or the RV SV index. However, RVGWI showed moderate correlations with RV SV and SV index (r = 0.503, P = 0.005 and r = 0.521, P = 0.004, respectively), RVGCW showed weak correlations with RV SV and SV index (r = 0.440, P = 0.017 and r = 0.461, P = 0.012, respectively), and RVGWW showed weak correlations with RV SV and SV index (r = 0.444, P = 0.016 and r = 0.410, P = 0.027, respectively).

Table 4 Correlations between echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function and invasive stroke volume and stroke volume index
Full size table

ROC analysis

ROC analysis was performed to determine whether standard echocardiographic parameters and RVMW indices could identify patients with ASD (Table 5; Fig. 3). The ROC analysis revealed that the optimal TAPSE, RV Sʹ, RV GLS, RVGCW, RVGWI, and RVGWW cutoff points were 20.2 mm (AUC = 0.842), 13.5 cm/s (AUC = 0.713), -19.8% (AUC = 0.656), 376.5 mmHg% (AUC = 0.895), 430.0 mmHg% (AUC = 0.922), and 45.5 mmHg% (AUC = 0.870), respectively.

Table 5 ROC analysis of echocardiographic parameters to identify atrial septal defect
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure 3

Receiver operating characteristic analysis of TAPSE, RV Sʹ, RV GLS, RVGWI, RVGWW, and RVGWE for predicting atrial septal defect. GLS, global longitudinal strain; RV, right ventricular; RVGCW, RV global constructive work; RVGWE, RV global work efficiency; RVGWI, RV global work index; RVGWW, RV global work waste; RV Sʹ, tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

Full size image

Intra-observer and inter-observer variabilities in RVMW indices

Intra-observer and inter-observer variabilities of RVGWI, RVGCW, RVGWW, and RVGWE are presented in Table 6 and Supplementary Fig. 2, showing good reproducibility.

Table 6 Intra- and inter-observer variability of non-invasive RV myocardial work indices
Full size table

Discussion

This study is a proof-of-concept study to identify the feasibility of using noninvasive RVMW in ASD patients. Assessing RVMW may enhance the understanding of the pathophysiology of RV myocardial systolic function in ASD patients.

Changes in RV systolic function parameters in ASD

In our study, RV FAC showed no significant difference between ASD patients and controls, which was consistent with previous research [19]. TAPSE and RV Sʹ were higher in ASD patients than in controls, which was in line with previous studies [20, 21].

In patients with ASD, there was an increased volume load on the right ventricle, which subsequently led to an enlargement of the RV cavity [22, 23]. However, the 3D RV EF in ASD patients was not significantly different from that in controls, which may be due to preserved RV contractility in RV volume overload for long periods [24]. In addition, RV FWLS showed no significant difference between ASD patients and controls, and this result was consistent with the study by Dragulescu et al. [21]. However, the RV GLS was worse in ASD patients than in controls, perhaps because RV dilatation by increased preload led to augmented wall tension of the interventricular septum.

The increased RV preload of ASD patients leads to an increase in the volume of blood in the pulmonary circulation and ultimately increases the afterload [25]. The RVGWI and RVGCW reflected positive myocardial performance and increase as the afterload increases. Moreover, the increase in RVGWW may be related to remodelling of the cardiomyocytes under prolonged load and myocardial dyssynchrony in a state of increased RV afterload [26]. However, there was no significant difference in RVGWE between ASD patients and controls. This demonstrates that RV global myocardial systolic performance could be well preserved under long-term capacity loads as well as pressure loads in ASD patients.

Superiority of RVMW in evaluating RV systolic function

Compared with TAPSE, RV FAC, RV Sʹ, and RV longitudinal strain, RVMW integrates myocardial systolic function, RV pressure and cardiac cycle into the RV PSL. The function of the right ventricle is more susceptible to afterload than that of the left ventricle [6]. In addition, RV dyssynchrony has a substantial impact on RV function [27, 28]. Theoretically, comprehensive evaluations of RV systolic performance could be derived from the four RVMW indices.

Except for RV GLS, none of the standard echocardiographic parameters were significantly correlated with RHC-derived SV or SV index. Conversely, the RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWE showed positive correlations with RHC-derived SV and SV index. According to the ROC analysis, the RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWE could be considered good predictors of ASD and are superior to load-dependent RV GLS. Although the correlations between the three RVMW indices and RHC-derived RV SV and SV index are weak and moderate, RVMW is the best noninvasive method to evaluate RV systolic function in ASD patients compare to standard RV systolic indices.

Clinical implications

Conventional echocardiographic RV systolic function parameters were used to examine RV myocardial contractile performance in ASD patients, but none of these parameters incorporated the effect of pre- or afterload on the right ventricle [19, 21, 29,30,31]. As RV afterload is reflected in RVMW, the latter could expand the echocardiographic assessment of RV function in patients with untreated ASD.

Limitations

This study is a single-centre study, and the sample size of ASD patients included was small. Noninvasive RVMW was not validated by radionuclide ventriculography or cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Additionally, RVMW was acquired by using a single-provider platform specifically designed for measuring LVMW. The RV GLS was calculated by measuring the strains of the interventricular septum and RV free wall because of the irregular and complicated RV anatomy [32]. Therefore, the RVMW derived by RV PSL is not as accurate as the LVMW derived by the LV pressure-strain loop [16]. Moreover, noninvasive RVMW should be validated by invasive RV PSL in the future.

Conclusions

RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWW are feasible indicators that assess RV systolic function and correlate with RHC-derived SV and SV index in patients with ASD. Noninvasive RVMW may predict RV systolic function and correlate with RHC-derived SV and SV index in patients with ASD, with possible prognostic implications. Further studies are required to verify the clinical role of noninvasive RVMW.

Availability of data and materials

The data and material underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding authors.

Abbreviations

ASD:

Atrial septal defect

RV:

Right ventricular

TAPSE:

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

RV FAC:

RV fractional area change

RV Sʹ:

tissue Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity

3D:

Three-dimensional

RV EF:

RV ejection fraction

RV GLS:

RV longitudinal strain

RVMW:

RV myocardial work

RHC:

Right heart catheterization

LV:

Left ventricular

TR:

Tricuspid regurgitation

RA:

Right atrial

SPAP:

Systolic pulmonary artery pressure

MPAP:

Mean pulmonary artery pressure

DPAP:

Diastolic pulmonary artery pressure

LVMW:

LV myocardial work

RV PSL:

RV pressure–strain loop

RVGWI:

RV global work index

RVGCW:

RV global constructive work

RVGWW:

RV global wasted work

RVGWE:

RV global work efficiency

SV:

Stroke volume

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic.

References

  1. Geva T, Martins JD, Wald RM. Atrial septal defects. Lancet. 2014;383:1921–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Botto LD, Correa A, Erickson JD. Racial and temporal variations in the prevalence of heart defects. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the canadian society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685–713. quiz 86 – 8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39. e14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Houard L, Benaets MB, de Meester de Ravenstein C, Rousseau MF, Ahn SA, Amzulescu MS, et al. Additional prognostic value of 2D right ventricular speckle-tracking strain for prediction of Survival in Heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a comparative study with Cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:2373–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Walker LA, Buttrick PM. The right ventricle: biologic insights and response to disease: updated. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9:73–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Butcher SC, Fortuni F, Montero-Cabezas JM, Abou R, El Mahdiui M, van der Bijl P, et al. Right ventricular myocardial work: proof-of-concept for non-invasive assessment of right ventricular function. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22:142–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wu J, Huang X, Huang K, Gao Q, Tian Y, Lin B, et al. Correlations among noninvasive right ventricular myocardial work indices and the main parameters of systolic and diastolic functions. J Clin Ultrasound. 2022;50:873–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hahn RT, Zamorano JL. The need for a new tricuspid regurgitation grading scheme. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18:1342–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mandras SA, Mehta HS, Vaidya A. Pulmonary Hypertension: A Brief Guide for Clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95:1978–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:1–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, Abraham TP, Aurigemma G, Edvardsen T, et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:591–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zaidi A, Oxborough D, Augustine DX, Bedair R, Harkness A, Rana B, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves: a practical guideline from the british Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract. 2020;7:G95–G122.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Vazquez de Prada JA, Ruano J, Martin-Duran R, Larman M, Zueco J, Ortiz de Murua JA, et al. Noninvasive determination of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure by continuous wave Doppler. Int J Cardiol. 1987;16:177–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Aduen JF, Castello R, Lozano MM, Hepler GN, Keller CA, Alvarez F, et al. An alternative echocardiographic method to estimate mean pulmonary artery pressure: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:814–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Russell K, Eriksen M, Aaberge L, Wilhelmsen N, Skulstad H, Remme EW, et al. A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure-strain loop area: a non-invasive index of myocardial work. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:724–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Hubert A, Le Rolle V, Leclercq C, Galli E, Samset E, Casset C, et al. Estimation of myocardial work from pressure-strain loops analysis: an experimental evaluation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:1372–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Edwards NFA, Scalia GM, Shiino K, Sabapathy S, Anderson B, Chamberlain R, et al. Global myocardial work is Superior to Global Longitudinal strain to predict significant coronary artery disease in patients with normal left ventricular function and Wall Motion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32:947–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kowalik E, Kowalski M, Hoffman P. Is right ventricular myocardial deformation affected by degree of interatrial shunt in adults? Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:400–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Schroh AM, Laghezza LB, Dominguez PJ, Brandan V, Nento DE, Alvarez E, et al. Pattern of pulmonary venous flow in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:244–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dragulescu A, Grosse-Wortmann L, Redington A, Friedberg MK, Mertens L. Differential effect of right ventricular dilatation on myocardial deformation in patients with atrial septal defects and patients after tetralogy of Fallot repair. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:803–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Vitarelli A, Sardella G, Roma AD, Capotosto L, De Curtis G, D’Orazio S, et al. Assessment of right ventricular function by three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging in adult atrial septal defect before and after percutaneous closure. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;28:1905–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Redington AN, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA, Oldershaw PJ. Changes in the pressure-volume relation of the right ventricle when its loading conditions are modified. Br Heart J. 1990;63:45–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Szabo G, Soos P, Bahrle S, Radovits T, Weigang E, Kekesi V, et al. Adaptation of the right ventricle to an increased afterload in the chronically volume overloaded heart. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:989–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Konstam MA, Kiernan MS, Bernstein D, Bozkurt B, Jacob M, Kapur NK, et al. Evaluation and management of right-sided heart failure: a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e578–e622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sanz J, Sanchez-Quintana D, Bossone E, Bogaard HJ, Naeije R. Anatomy, function, and dysfunction of the right ventricle: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1463–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Badagliacca R, Poscia R, Pezzuto B, Papa S, Gambardella C, Francone M, et al. Right ventricular dyssynchrony in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: determinants and impact on pump function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34:381–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Marcus JT, Gan CT, Zwanenburg JJ, Boonstra A, Allaart CP, Gotte MJ, et al. Interventricular mechanical asynchrony in pulmonary arterial hypertension: left-to-right delay in peak shortening is related to right ventricular overload and left ventricular underfilling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:750–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Pauliks LB, Chan KC, Chang D, Kirby SK, Logan L, DeGroff CG, et al. Regional myocardial velocities and isovolumic contraction acceleration before and after device closure of atrial septal defects: a color tissue Doppler study. Am Heart J. 2005;150:294–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Van De Bruaene A, Buys R, Vanhees L, Delcroix M, Voigt JU, Budts W. Regional right ventricular deformation in patients with open and closed atrial septal defect. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:206–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Moceri P, Duchateau N, Gillon S, Jaunay L, Baudouy D, Squara F, et al. Three-dimensional right ventricular shape and strain in congenital heart disease patients with right ventricular chronic volume loading. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22:1174–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sheehan F, Redington A. The right ventricle: anatomy, physiology and clinical imaging. Heart. 2008;94:1510–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ultrasonography, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Jian Wu, Xinyi Huang, Yiruo Tang, Xu Chen, Xinyu Wang, Bo Jing, Yuanyuan Sun, Kunhui Huang, Qiumei Gao & Maolong Su

  2. School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Jian Wu & Yiruo Tang

  3. Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    Weibin Chen & Xueming Liu

Authors
  1. Jian Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xinyi Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Weibin Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yiruo Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xinyu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Bo Jing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yuanyuan Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Kunhui Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Qiumei Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Xueming Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Maolong Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Maolong Su and Xueming Liu conceived the study design, provided project oversight, and approved the final version to be submitted. Jian Wu conceived the study design, took ultrasound images, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. Xinyi Huang, Yiruo Tang, Kunhui Huang, and Qiumei Gao took ultrasound images and carefully revised the article. Weibin Chen and Xueming Liu performed right heart catheterization and provided clinical data. Yiruo Tang and Xu Chen revised the article for significant intellectual content. Xinyu Wang, Bo Jing, and Yuanyuan Sun provided the method for the study and substantively revised the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xueming Liu or Maolong Su.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, and all subjects provided written informed consent before undergoing examinations.

Consent for publication

Consent for publication was obtained from all the participants.

Competing interests

None.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1.

Correlations of RV GLS, RVGWI, RVGCW, and RVGWWwith RHC-derived stroke volume and stroke volume index. GLS, globallongitudinal strain; RHC, right heart catheterization; RV, right ventricular;RVGCW, RV global constructive work; RVGWE, RV global work efficiency; RVGWI, RVglobal work index; RVGWW, RV global work waste. 

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure 2.

The Bland–Altman analysis for assessinginter-observer variability of right ventricular global work index (RVGWI),right ventricular global constructive work (RVGCW), right ventricular global wasted work (RVGWW), and right ventricular globalwork efficiency (RVGWE).  

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, J., Huang, X., Chen, W. et al. Noninvasive right ventricular work in patients with atrial septal defects: a proof-of-concept study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 21, 10 (2023). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12947-023-00306-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12947-023-00306-8

Keywords

Cardiovascular Ultrasound

ISSN: 1476-7120

Contact us