Characteristic | Whole population | LV GLS | P Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< −14.15 | –14.5 to −10.55 | –10.54 to −6.41 | > −6.41 | |||
Age (years) | 63.8 ± 15 | 66.3 ± 14 | 63.4 ± 15.8 | 65.7 ± 13.9 | 59.7 ± 16.3 | 0.116 |
Male | 87 (42.4%) | 11 (21.6%) | 19 (37.3%) | 25 (48.1%) | 32 (62.7%) | <0.001 |
Sodium level | 138.3 ± 3.4 | 138.1 ± 4.2 | 139 ± 3 | 138.7 ± 3.4 | 137.5 ± 2.9 | 0.153 |
Creatinine | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 2.6 ± 3.6 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.163 |
LVEF | 40.4 ± 17.4 | 60.4 ± 7.5 | 47.8 ± 11.6 | 30.9 ± 10.4 | 22.3 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
Medication use | ||||||
ACEI or ARBs | 140 (69.7%) | 25 (49%) | 32 (65.3%) | 39 (78%) | 44 (86.3%) | <0.001 |
β-Blocker | 173 (86.1%) | 37 (72.5%) | 43 (87.8%) | 47 (94%) | 46 (90.2%) | 0.011 |
Hydralazine | 55 (27.5% | 14 (27.5%) | 21 (43.8%) | 9 (18%) | 11 (21.6%) | 0.023 |
Ca channel Blockers | 45 (22.6%) | 17 (33.3%) | 19 (39.6%) | 6 (12%) | 3 (6%) | <0.001 |
Loop diuretics | 164 (81.6%) | 41 (80.4%) | 37 (75.5%) | 41 (82%) | 45 (88.2%) | 0.43 |
Aldosterone-antagonists | 19 (9.7%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (6.3%) | 5 (10.4%) | 10 (19.6%) | 0.021 |
NYHA functional class | ||||||
Class I | 55 (28.8%) | 17 (36.2%) | 16 (34%) | 14 (28.6%) | 8 (16.7%) | |
Class II | 78 (40.8%) | 19 (40.4%) | 15 (31.9%) | 24 (49%) | 20 (41.7%) | 0.087 |
Class III | 55 (28.8%) | 9 (19.1%) | 16 (34%) | 10 (20.4%) | 20 (41.7%) | |
Class IV | 3 (1.6%) | 2 (4.3%) | 0 | 1 (2%) | 0 | |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
Systolic | 148.7 ± 38.4 | 158.5 ± 35.9 | 166.5 ± 38 | 145.2 ± 36.6 | 124.7 ± 29.7 | <0.001 |
Diastolic | 84.9 ± 21.6 | 83.1 ± 23.5 | 89.1 ± 22.2 | 86.1 ± 21.9 | 81.3 ± 18.2 | 0.28 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 86.1 ± 21.5 | 79.2 ± 19.1 | 86 ± 20.3 | 87.7 ± 22.2 | 91.6 ± 23.1 | 0.032 |
History of ischemic heart disease | 80 (39%) | 13 (25.5%) | 23 (45.1%) | 27 (51.9%) | 17 (33.3%) | 0.029 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 30 (14.6%) | 6 (11.8%) | 10 (19.6%) | 6 (11.5%) | 8 (15.7%) | 0.617 |
Diabetes | 79 (38.5%) | 15 (29.4%) | 23 (45.1%) | 24 (46.2%) | 17 (33.3%) | 0.206 |
Hypertension | 190 (93.1%) | 46 (90.2%) | 50 (98%) | 49 (94.2%) | 45 (90%) | 0.324 |