Skip to main content
Download PDF

Assessment of dipyridamole stress echocardiography for risk stratification of diabetic patients

Cardiovascular Ultrasound volume 13, Article number: 35 (2015) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Despite advances in medical therapy, cardiovascular disease, mainly coronary artery disease (CAD), remains the leading cause of mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The objective of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of dipyridamole stress echocardiography in identify diabetic patients at high risk for cardiovascular events.

Methods

Dipyridamole stress echocardiography was administered to 483 diabetic patients (294 women; mean age 63.41 ± 11.28 years) between July 2006 and December 2012.

Results

Follow-up data were available for 264 patients (163 women; mean age 64.3 ± 10.5 years): 250 with a negative stress echocardiography and 14 with a positive stress echo. During a mean follow-up time of 18 ± 14 months, a cardiovascular event occurred in 18 (6.8 %) patients, 12 (4.8 %) in patients with a negative stress echo (n = 250) during a mean follow-up period of 20 ± 16 months and 6 (42 %) in patients with positive stress echo (n = 14) during a mean follow-up of 13 ± 13 months. The positive and negative predictive values of stress echocardiography were 42 % and 96 % respectively. The accuracy value was 92 %. A Cox regression model showed that CAD (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.9-15.4; p = 0.002) and positive stress echocardiography (HR 7.1, 95 % CI 2.5-20.5; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of cardiovascular events.

Conclusions

For patients with diabetes, a negative dipyridamole stress echocardiogram predicts favorable outcome during the first year of follow-up. A new stress imaging test should be done after 12 months in diabetic patients.

Peer Review reports

Background

Despite advances in medical therapy, cardiovascular disease, mainly coronary artery disease (CAD), remains the leading cause of mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Indeed, DM has been classified as a coronary heart disease equivalent by both the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology [1, 2]. In addition, diabetes is associated with a higher rate of progression of coronary lesions, coronary occlusion, plaque ulceration, thrombosis, and formation of new luminal narrowing, which suggests that the features of vascular disease are different in diabetic and nondiabetic patients [3]. The challenge is to identify these high-risk patients early in their disease using noninvasive imaging methods. In a study assessing 1123 patients with type 2 diabetes and no symptoms of CAD [4], the participants were randomly assigned to be, or not to be, screened with adenosine-stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The authors concluded that the cardiac event rates were low and were not significantly reduced by MPI screening for myocardial ischemia over 4.8 years. However, the negative predictive value of stress echocardiography is thought to be lower in patients with DM. Diabetic patients with a normal stress echocardiogram have a higher risk for subsequent cardiovascular events than nondiabetic patients, especially in the second year after undergoing stress echocardiography [5, 6]. Unlike a normal or negative stress echocardiography, a positive echo stress test, or one which detects ischemia, enables the identification of patients at greater risk of cardiac events [7, 8]. Moreover, diabetic patients are more likely to have diffuse distal vascular disease. In these patients regional wall motion abnormalities of the left ventricle are harder to identify by stress echocardiography, because the reduced perfusion is global instead of regional [8–13]. Now there are new ultrasound imaging modalities that can identify early changes in the myocardium [13, 14]; however these modalities are not accessible to all patients and private clinics and routine screening of millions of asymptomatic diabetic patients would be prohibitively expensive. Most physicians use less expensive tests such as the electrocardiographic (EKG) exercise test and pharmacological stress echocardiography to stratify their patients’ risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of dipyridamole stress echocardiography in identify diabetic patients at high risk for cardiovascular events.

Methods

Patients

We retrospectively assessed 483 consecutive diabetic patients (294 women), with a mean age of 63.41 ± 11.28 years, who underwent dipyridamole stress echocardiography between July 2006 and December 2012 in a private cardiological clinic. Each patient’s blood sample results and previous imaging exams were analyzed before the stress echo test was performed. Before the study, the ultrasonographist collected information on the patients’ demographic characteristics and risk factors, according to the blood sample results and the report by the private cardiologist. Patients were questioned about the presence of hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, CAD, and current smoking habit. Hypertension was defined as a history of treated hypertension or the presence of systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg as measured by the private cardiologist. Smoking history was coded as never or current smoker. Subjects were classified as having diabetes when treated for insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent diabetes or having elevated fasting glucose levels (≥126 mg/dL). Patients’ records included the use of lipid-lowering drugs or the presence of total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, LDL - cholesterol > 100 mg/dL or triglycerides > 150 mg/dL [15–17], as well as a history of myocardial infarction, angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass surgery was recorded. A positive CAD history was considered to be the presence of any of these previous conditions. No patient at the present study presented a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack or reported intermittent claudication suggesting peripheral arterial disease. The reported indications for the exam included referral from a physician, information from close relatives, or the complaints of the participating patient. The indication for a stress test and treatment were exclusively offered by the private cardiologist. Twenty-seven percent of the exams (n = 264) were performed for a routine clinical and imaging follow-up; i.e., diabetic patients without other identifiable associated risk factor and with no specific complaints. The second most frequent indication for testing was thoracic pain in 58 patients (22 %), followed by perioperative risk stratification in 41 patients (15 %), and assessment of known CAD (14 %). Other indications included changes in the resting EKG (7 %; atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, and ST segment abnormalities) and evaluation of dyspnea/fatigue (4 %). Seventy patients underwent treadmill EKG stress testing using Bruce protocol before pharmacologic stress echocardiography was performed. Twenty-one patients had inconclusive exercise EKG test results (they did not reach submaximal heart rate), and 49 patients had altered exercise EKG readings, suggestive of coronary ischemic disease. The patients’ baseline characteristics and the indications for pharmacological stress echocardiography are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Moreover, the tables include both the number of diabetic patients who underwent dipyridamole stress echocardiography (n = 483) and the actual number of patients from whom we obtained data at the follow-up period (n = 264). Written informed consent to undergo stress testing and to participate in the study was obtained from each patient.

Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics
Full size table
Table 2 Indications for pharmacologic stress echo
Full size table

Follow-up data

Follow-up data were obtained after a minimum of 6 months from telephone interviews with the patient or a close relative, or contact with the patient’s physician. The cardiovascular events recorded during the follow-up period were fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina that required hospitalization, coronary revascularization procedures (surgery or angioplasty), and sudden death.

Stress echocardiography protocol

An accelerated high-dose dipyridamole protocol was used for all patients. Dipyridamole was infused intravenously at a dose of 0.84 mg/kg body weight over 6 min. Aminophylline was routinely administered to patients with negative findings 10 min after the initiation of the test. Two-dimensional echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography (EKG) were used for continuous monitoring during the test and the recovery phase. Blood pressure measurements using a cuff were recorded every minute. Echocardiographic images were semiquantitatively assessed using a 17 segments, 4-point scale model of the left ventricle. Wall motion score index (WMSI) was derived by dividing the sum of individual segment scores by the number of interpretable segments. Ischemia was defined as stress-induced new and/or worsening of pre-existing wall motion abnormality, or biphasic response (i.e. low-dose improvement followed by high-dose deterioration). Inotropic reserve was defined as any improvement of WMSI during stress in the absence of inducible ischemia. Necrotic pattern was akinetic or diskinetic myocardium with no thickening during stress. An hypokinetic segment that did not worsen during ischemic challenge was considered a rest wall motion abnormality (WMA). A test was normal in case of no rest and stress WMA. A test was considered positive for ischemia when at least 2 adjacent segments of the same vascular territory showed an increment of WMSI (worsening or regional function) of at least 1 point at peak stress [18]. The following criteria were used for a premature interruption of the test: onset of obvious new wall motion abnormalities, severe chest pain, horizontal or downsloping ST-depression ≥ 2 mm, ST-segment elevation ≥ 1.5 mm, symptomatic hypotension and/or bradycardia, supra-ventricular or ventricular tachyarrythmias, and intolerable symptoms. Intravenous aminophylline (up to 240 mg) was immediately available to reverse the effects of dipyridamole. As recommended by Dal Porto et al. [19], each patient’s intravenous cannula remained in situ for 1 h after the stress test in the event of a late event occurring after the procedure. All the tests were performed by the same echocardiographer, who had more than 15 years of experience.

Statistical analyses

Quantitative variables were expressed as mean, median, and standard deviation, and qualitative variables as frequencies and percentages. Positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were calculated according to standard formulas. Kaplan-Meier survival estimations were performed for age, hypertension, smoking, CAD, and results of stress testing. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves. An adjusted Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis of variables, considering stress echo result and the presence of CAD as explanatory variables, with p-values <0.05. P-values <0.05 indicated statistical significance. Data were analyzed using the software program SPSS v. 20.0.

Results

Stress echocardiography result

Two-hundred fifty patients had presented negative dipyridamole stress echocardiography results. Of the 14 patients (5 %, n = 264) with positive stress echocardiography, 7 had undergone the procedure as a routine clinical and imaging follow-up, 5 for chest pain, 1 for an inconclusive exercise EKG test, and 1 for heart failure. Of the 70 patients who had undergone an exercise EKG test before pharmacological stress echocardiography, only 1 presented positive dipyridamole stress test and 3 patients developed a cardiovascular event during the follow-up period.

Follow-up data

We were unable to establish contact with 219 patients. We attribute that to changes in telephone network rules. Follow-up data were available for 264 patients (163 women; mean age 64.3 ± 10.5 years, mean duration of follow-up 32.7 ± 15 months, median duration 30 months, minimum 6 months). There were 18 cardiovascular events including cardiovascular deaths during the follow-up period. Cardiovascular deaths included the following: 1 sudden death 24 months after a negative stress test, 1 after surgical myocardial revascularization 2 months after a negative stress test, 1 due to acute myocardial infarction 12 months after a negative stress test, and 1 due to acute myocardial infarction 24 months after a positive stress test. There were 14 other cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina that required hospitalization, and coronary revascularization procedures) in 14 patients during follow-up: 9 after a negative stress echo test and 5 after a positive stress echo test. The positive predictive value of stress echocardiography was 42 % and the negative predictive value was 96 %. The accuracy was 92 %. We did not calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the test in this study, because most patients did not undergo coronary angiography, even after a positive stress test. The referring physician made the decision whether or not to perform coronary angiography. Of 250 patients with a negative stress test, there were 12 (4.8 %) in whom a cardiovascular event occurred during a mean follow-up period of 20 ± 16 months. Most events occurred at least 1 year after the test. In those 14 patients (5 %, n = 264) with positive stress echocardiography there were 6 events (42 %, n = 14) during a mean follow-up of 13 ± 13 months. In those patients with known CAD there were 10 % of cardiovascular events during the follow-up period compared to 5 % of cardiovascular events in the patients without CAD. Univariate analysis for all cardiovascular events showed that there was no significant difference for gender, age (cut-off, 65 years), hypertension, dyslipidemia, or smoking. A Cox regression model showed that CAD (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.9-15.4; p = 0.002) and positive stress echocardiography (HR 7.1, 95 % CI 2.5-20.5; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of cardiovascular events (Table 3; Figs. 1, 2, and 3).

Table 3 Risk of cardiovascular events according to Cox regression model for multivariate analysis
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Cumulative proportion survival curve for cardiovascular events

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Cumulative proportion survival curve for the presence of coronary artery disease

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Cumulative proportion survival curve for positive stress echocardiography

Full size image

Discussion

The utility of stress testing modalities for asymptomatic diabetic patients remains an area of active interest and study. Diabetic patients have significantly higher rates of silent ischemia than the general population, and that could in part explain the more advanced CAD seen on initial presentation and the worse outcomes in these patients [20]. The absence of myocardial ischemia on noninvasive tests of patients with DM does not necessarily identify a lower-risk cohort. In the present study most of patients (250) had a negative stress echo and presented 4.8 % of cardiovascular event during the follow-up period. This may be related, at least in part, to the observation that diffuse coronary dysfunction in diabetic patients precedes overt atherosclerosis and regional wall motion abnormalities of the left ventricle are harder to identify by stress echocardiography, because the reduced perfusion is global instead of regional [1, 8–13]. Thus, the current guidelines recommend that all diabetic patients should be treated as if they have CAD with regard to blood pressure management, lipid-level goals, and other secondary preventive measures. Clinicians should make efforts to stratify the long-term risk of CAD-associated morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients in order to identify those patients who need more aggressive treatment strategies. The guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association recommend screening for CAD in diabetic patients with an abnormal resting EKG indicating myocardial infarction, with carotid or peripheral arterial disease, symptoms suggesting CAD, or 2 or more cardiovascular risk factors irrespective of the presence of CAD symptoms [21–22]. However, as seen in this study, these guidelines do not seem to satisfy physicians regarding the risk stratification of diabetic patients. Our results showed that 25 % of patients underwent pharmacological stress echocardiography with the only indication being that they had DM and stress echo is a safe procedure [23]. The annual rate of hard events occurring in diabetic patients with a normal stress echocardiogram ranges from 1.6 % to 6 %, whereas the corresponding rate in nondiabetic patients ranges from 0.6 % to 2.7 %. In addition, in patients with DM the event rate increases sharply in the second year after the procedure [24]. In our study, 4.8 % of patients had an event during a mean follow-up period of 18 ± 14 months in patients with a negative stress test, most occurring 1 year after the test. By contrast, among those patients with a positive stress test, there were about 4-fold more events during a mean follow-up of 13 ± 13 months. These findings are similar to other studies [12, 25–26]. Cortigiani et al. [5] compared the prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in chest pain patients with and without DM, (mean age 60 ± 10 years) and positive exercise electrocardiography. During a median follow-up of 26 months, the results of stress echocardiography added prognostic value to the positive exercise electrocardiography results. Both diabetic and nondiabetic patients with nonischemic stress echocardiography results had lower annual rates of major events compared with the overall population of diabetic and nondiabetic patients with positive electrocardiography results. However, in our study, most patients did not undergo exercise stress testing before pharmacological stress echocardiography. Patients referred for pharmacological stress echocardiography have been found to have a higher risk for cardiovascular events than those referred for exercise testing, which likely reflects more severe underlying cardiovascular disease and comorbidities [12]. When our patients were asked why they did not undergo an EKG exercise stress test before the pharmacological stress test, most answered that their private physician asked directly for a pharmacological test regardless of whether they could undergo an exercise test. Of the 70 patients who underwent exercise EKG testing before pharmacological echocardiography only 1 had a positive dipyridamole stress test and we found only three cardiovascular events during the follow-up period in these patients. It appears that physicians simply do not believe that an exercise test is adequate for stratifying their diabetic patients. In our study, the time to occurrence of cardiovascular events was significant shorter in patients with a positive echocardiography stress test compared to patients with a negative stress test (13.7 ± 13.2 versus 20.7 ± 16.6 months, respectively). However, most cardiovascular events, regardless of the results of stress testing, occurred around 18 months after the procedure, which suggests that patients with DM should undergo another imaging stress test 12 months after their first test. In a study assessing long-term outcomes of patients with diabetes (N = 230) and limited exercise capability, dobutamine stress echocardiography provided prognostic value for about 7 years after the initial test [27]. However, in both that study and our study, the lack of data on the duration of diabetes is an important shortcoming. In addition, the socioeconomic background of the 2 study cohorts may be different, and that factor can affect the prognosis and evaluation of the disease.

Study limitations

The main limitations of this study include: (1) loss of > 50 % of patients in the follow-up period; (2) lack of information about each patients’ diabetes time course or renal function; (3) unknown exact number of subjects under anti-ischemic medical therapy; and (4) lack of data on patients’ blood pressure control and medication. These limitations could significantly influence our analysis and discussion and may have impacted the results of this study [28–34].

Conclusions

A negative dipyridamole echocardiography test in diabetic patients predicts favorable outcome for the first year of follow-up. A new stress imaging test should be done after 12 months in diabetic patients.

References

  1. Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, Gaber M, Hainer J, Klein J, et al. Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2012;126:1858–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Oliveira JLM, Barreto-Filho JAS, Oliveira CRP, Santana TA, Anjos-Andrade FD, Alves EO, et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 2009;7:24.

  3. Hung MJ, Wang CH, Cherng WJ. Can dobutamine stress echocardiography predict cardiac events in nonrevascularized diabetic patients following acute myocardial infarction? CHEST. 1999;116:1224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Young LH, Wacker FJT, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1547–55.

  5. Cortigiani L, Bigi R, Sicari R, Landi P, Bovenzi F, Picano E. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. JACC. 2006;47:605–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kamalesh M, Matorin R, Sawada S. Prognostic value of a negative stress echocardiographic study in diabetic patients. Am Heart J. 2002;143:163–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Cortigiani L, Borelli L, Raciti M, Bovenzi F, Picano E, Molinaro S, et al. Prediction of mortality by stress echocardiography in 2835 diabetic and 11305 nondiabetic patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(5):002757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chaowalit N, Arruda AL, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Pellikka P. Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1029–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Galderizi M, Raia R. Reduction of coronary flow reserve in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus without epicardial coronary stenosis. Heart Metab. 2009;45:30–3.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Camici PG, Crea F. Medical progress: Coronary microvascular dysfunction. NEJM. 2007;356:830–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pitkãnen OP, Nuutila P, Raitakari OT, Rönnemaa T, Koskinen PJ, Iida H, et al. Coronary flow reserve is reduced in young men with IDDM. Diabetes. 1998;47:248–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Albers AR, Krichavsky MZ, Balady GJ. Stress testing in patients with diabetes mellitus, Diagnostic and prognostic value. Circulation. 2006;113:583–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cognet T, Vervueren PL, Dercle L, Bastié D, Richaud R, Berry M, et al. New concept of myocardial longitudinal strain reserve assessed by a dipyridamole infusion using 2D-strain echocardiography: the impact of diabetes and age, and the prognostic value. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Mohty D, Pibarot P, Echahidi N, Poirier P, Dagenais GR, Dumesnil JG. Reduced systemic arterial compliance measured by routine Doppler echocardiography: A new and independent predictor of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225:353–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jonas MA, Oates JA, Ockene JK, Hennekens CH. Statement on smoking and cardiovascular disease for health care professionals. Circulation. 1992;86:1664–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Merz CNB, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(suppl2):S1–S45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, Kasprzak J, Lancellotti P, Poldermans D, et al. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement from European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9:415–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dal Porto R, Faletra F, Picano E, Pirelli S, Moreo A, Varga A. Safety, feasibility, and diagnostic accuracy of accelerated high-dose dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Albers AR, Krichavsky MZ, Balady GH. Contemporary reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. Stress testing in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diagnostic and prognostic value. Ciculation. 2006;113:583–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Anand DV, Lim E, Lahiri A, Bax JJ. The role of non-invasive imaging in the risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetic subjects. Eur Hear J. 2006;27:905–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chopra S, Peter S. Screening for coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An evidence-based review. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2012;16:94–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Geleijnse ML, et al. Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients unable to perform an exercise stress test. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1797–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bigi R, Desideri A, Cortigiani L, Baxx JJ, Celegon L, Fiorentini C. Stress echocardiography for risk stratification of diabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1596–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. D’Andrea A, Severino S, Caso P, De Simone L, Liccardo B, Forni A, et al. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in diabetic patients. Eur J Echocardiography. 2003;4:202–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. van der Sijde JN, Boiten HJ, Sozzi FB, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Schinkel AFL. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in diabetic patients with limited exercise capability, A 13-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:634–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. UK Prospective. Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1999;318:29.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. Lancet. 1998;351:1755–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Clement D, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Rosenthal T, et al. HOT Study Group, Benefits and risks of more intensive blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients of the HOT study with different risk profiles: does a J-shaped curve exist in smokers? J Hypertens. 2003;21:797–804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Campbell NRC, Gilbert RE, Leiter LA, Larochelle P, Tobe S, Chockalingam A, et al. Hypertension in people with type 2 diabetes. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57:997–1002.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575–85.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Schemthaner G, Drexel H, Rosenkranz AR, Schemthaner GH, Watschinger B. Austrian Diabetes Association. Antihypertensive therapy in diabetes mellitus – 2012 guidelines of the Austrian Diabetes Association. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2012;124 suppl 2:23–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Authors/Task Force Members, Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, Berne C, Cosentino F, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3035–3087

  34. Stults B, Jones RE. Management of hypertension in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2006;19:25–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, CEP: 80215-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini & Roberto Pecoits Filho

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua XV de Novembro, 1299, Centro, CEP: 80060-000, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Rafael Borsoi

  3. Medical School, Faculdade Evangélica, Rua Padre Anchieta, 2770, CEP: 80730-000, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Maria Eugênia Bégué Vidal & Nathália Julim Valente

  4. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil

    Juliana Veloso

Authors
  1. Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rafael Borsoi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maria Eugênia Bégué Vidal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nathália Julim Valente
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juliana Veloso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Roberto Pecoits Filho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liz Andréa Villela Baroncini.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

LAVB and RPF: participated in the study design, wrote, oriented the manuscript, and interviewed the patients. RB: participated in the study design and data collection. MEBV: participated in data collection. NJV: participated in data collection. JV: participated in data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baroncini, L.A.V., Borsoi, R., Vidal, M.E.B. et al. Assessment of dipyridamole stress echocardiography for risk stratification of diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 13, 35 (2015). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12947-015-0030-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12947-015-0030-7

Keywords

Cardiovascular Ultrasound

ISSN: 1476-7120

Contact us