Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics, risk factors and echocardiography measures according to ethnic group

Age (yrs)

63.1 ± 12.6

66.8 ± 12.9

64 ± 11.5

<0.001

Male gender

196 (45.2)

1144 (51.6)

1395 (52.1)

0.079

Height (cm)

169.8 ± 8.7

170.4 ± 8.9

166.6 ± 9.8

<0.001

Weight (kg)

83.4 ± 16.5

81.4 ± 15.8

79 ± 14.5

<0.001

Body mass index (kg · m²)

29 ± 6

28 ± 5.2

28.5 ± 4.9

<0.001

Body surface area (m²)

1.94 ± 0.2

1.93 ± 0.2

1.87 ± 0.2

<0.001

Hypertension

247 (56.9)

1228 (55.3)

1624 (60.7)

0.001

Diabetes mellitus

102 (23.5)

451 (20.3)

880 (32.9)

<0.001

Hypercholesterolemia

203 (46.8)

967 (43.6)

1441 (53.8)

<0.001

Family history of CVD

91 (21)

586 (26.4)

644 (24.1)

0.026

Prior myocardial infarction

30 (6.9)

204 (9.2)

256 (9.6)

0.204

Prior PCI

75 (17.3)

450 (20.3)

732 (27.4)

0.009

Prior CABGS

46 (10.6)

237 (10.7)

359 (13.4)

0.958

Smoking history

<0.001

Never smoked

350 (80.6)

1411 (63.6)

2337 (87.3)

Ex-smoker

61 (14.1)

553 (24)

220 (8.2)

Current smoker

23 (5.3)

255 (11.1)

119 (4.4)

0.415

Low

137 (31.6)

616 (27.8)

723 (27)

Intermediate

164 (37.8)

872 (39.3)

1064 (39.8)

High

133 (30.6)

731 (32.9)

889 (33.2)

<0.001

NYHA functional class II

411 (94.7)

1962 (88.4)

2317 (86.6)

NYHA functional class III

23 (5.3)

257 (11.6)

359 (13.4)

0.001

Class I

255 (58.8)

1096 (49.4)

1338 (50)

Class II

153 (35.3)

874 (39.4)

1046 (39.1)

Class III

26 (6)

249 (11.2)

292 (10.9)

ACE inhibitor

155 (35.7)

817 (36.8)

959 (35.8)

0.759

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

79 (18.2)

410 (18.5)

545 (20.4)

0.202

Aspirin

244 (56.2)

1211 (54.6)

1529 (57.1)

0.194

Beta blockers

187 (43.1)

962 (43.4)

1136 (42.5)

0.815

Calcium antagonists

140 (32.3)

662 (29.8)

847 (31.7)

0.319

Diuretic

104 (24)

491 (22.1)

605 (22.6)

0.707

Lipid-lowering agents

273 (62.9)

1478 (66.6)

1812 (67.7)

0.139

Nitrates

61 (14.1)

323 (14.6)

403 (15.1)

0.806

Warfarin

20 (4.6)

157 (7.1)

159 (5.9)

0.085

At least 1 anti-anginal medication

285 (65.7)

1404 (63.3)

1721 (64.3)

0.563

LVESD (cm)

2.9 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.6

3.1 ± 0.6

0.009

LVEDD (cm)

4.48 ± 0.6

4.5 ± 0.5

4.38 ± 0.4

<0.001

LV ejection fraction (%)

56.6 ± 8.9

56.2 ± 8.9

56.9 ± 7.9

0.023

Maximal LVEDD Wall Thickness (cm)

1.19 ± 0.33

1.11 ± 0.21

1.12 ± 0.24

<0.001

Left atrial size (mm)

38 ± 15

37 ± 11

37 ± 17

0.781

Left ventricular mass (g)

182.8 ± 35.2

169.7 ± 38.6

153.3 ± 34.8

<0.001

Left ventricular mass index (g · m⁻¹)

103.8 ± 21.2

94.1 ± 23.5

89.9 ± 19.4

<0.001

Mitral E/A

1.21 ± 0.4

1.22 ± 0.3

1.22 ± 0.4

0.72

Mitral E Deceleration (ms)

202 ± 55

209 ± 69

203 ± 63

0.623

Mitral E/Ea

9.6 ± 3.9

9.5 ± 4.3

9.6 ± 4.1

0.875

Mitral Annular Calcification

14 (3.2)

73 (3.3)

130 (4.9)

0.014

Mitral Regurgitation

54 (12.4)

315 (14.2)

384 (14.3)

0.564

Aortic Stenosis

15 (3.5)

71 (3.2)

48 (1.8)

0.003

Aortic Regurgitation

14 (3.2)

66 (3)

62 (2.3)

0.274

Baseline heart rate (b · min⁻¹)

69.6 ± 16.1

69.3 ± 18.8

71.1 ± 15.1

0.001

Peak heart rate (b · min⁻¹)

137.1 ± 21.7

131.8 ± 22.7

136.3 ± 19.1

<0.001

Target heart rate achieved

358 (82.5)

1842 (83)

2231 (83.4)

0.943

Baseline sBP (mmHg)

133.3 ± 24.1

131.2 ± 24.8

132.9 ± 24.5

0.039

Peak sBP (mmHg)

160.3 ± 83

147.8 ± 31.5

151.1 ± 31.9

<0.001

Baseline dBP (mmHg)

71.7 ± 18.3

71.3 ± 22.9

70.7 ± 19.6

0.498

Peak dBP (mmHg)

75.1 ± 18.7

72.5 ± 17.6

74.5 ± 18.1

<0.001

Resting wall motion score index

1.03 ± 0.1

1.05 ± 0.13

1.04 ± 0.11

0.006

Peak wall motion score index

1.06 ± 0.13

1.09 ± 0.16

1.08 ± 0.15

0.001

Fixed wall motion abnormality

55 (12.7)

377 (17)

427 (16)

0.078

New wall motion abnormality

69 (15.9)

485 (21.9)

620 (23.2)

0.003

<0.001

0 LV segments

365 (84.1)

1734 (78.1)

2056 (76.8)

1-3 LV segments

61 (14.1)

398 (17.9)

555 (20.7)

>3 LV segments

8 (1.8)

87 (3.9)

65 (2.4)

Non-fatal cardiac event

55 (12.7)

363 (16.4)

431 (16.1)

0.149

All-cause mortality

108 (24.9)

564 (25.4)

693 (25.9)

0.870